zara rouhzadeh; hamid lotfi; Bahram Mirzaian
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different levels of anxiety on the selection of waiting conditions of female undergraduate students at the Islamic Azad University of Sari. Method: For this purpose, 129 subjects were selected through multistage random sampling method, ...
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Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different levels of anxiety on the selection of waiting conditions of female undergraduate students at the Islamic Azad University of Sari. Method: For this purpose, 129 subjects were selected through multistage random sampling method, then their homogeneity in terms of gender, age, level of anxiety, and educational level was assured. Before entering the independent variable to measure anxiety level, Spielberger's State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to control the intrusive variable, which data analysis through the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between the three groups (State scale: H = 0.562, df = 2, sig = 0.755, a= 0.05; and trait scale: H = 0.990, df = 2, sig = 0.610, a = 0.05). The instrument used in this research was a performance and measurement package that was applied according to the implementation instructions. Finally, the data were analyzed through nonparametric statistics of Fridman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that different levels of anxiety had an impact on the choice of waiting conditions. Comparisons of average ranks has shown that participants preference for choice was 'cognitive clarity', 'emotional comparison', ‘crowd’ and 'being alone', respectively. Conclusion: Given the high frequency of cognitive clarity, it can be concluded that acquiring expert information (i.e., cognitive clarity) to adapt to critical situations has been more important than other variables that researchers have emphasized so far.
Hamid Lotfi; Hossein Zare; Mahmood Eravani; Yousef Karimi
Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 74-86
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effect of group pressure on hypothesis testing. Method: To do so, a hundred and three participants (Control: n=51 and Experimental: n=52) were randomly selected from among undergraduate students. All participants were tested using the stipulated version of ...
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Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effect of group pressure on hypothesis testing. Method: To do so, a hundred and three participants (Control: n=51 and Experimental: n=52) were randomly selected from among undergraduate students. All participants were tested using the stipulated version of Wason Selection Task (Lotfi and Zare, 1388) and some informative items for Group Pressure. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test and crosstabs statistics. Findings: The results of the study indicated that: (1) In response to the situation for the critical test of hypothesis, most participants tended to choose either unrelated or correct responses. (2) Participants were not significantly different in terms of their psychological desire to keep the initial hypothesis, the choice for the correct response, and the choice for the wrong response. (3) When confronted to a situation which directly challenges their psychological desires, subjects tended to resist against group pressure. Conclusion: Findings in the present study are discussed by the methodological theory of binary explanation of social behavior, as well as psychosocial and cognitive components.
